Definition and Examples of Syncrisis in Rhetoric

Syncrisis is a  rhetorical figure  or exercise in which opposite persons or things are compared,  usually in order to evaluate their relative worth. Syncrisis is a type of antithesis. Plural: syncrises. In classical rhetorical studies, syncrisis sometimes served as one of the progymnasmata. Syncrisis in its expanded form may be regarded as a literary genre and a variety of epideictic rhetoric. In his article Syncrisis: The Figure of Contestation, Ian Donaldson observes that syncrisis once served throughout Europe as a central element in the school curriculum, in the training of orators, and in the formation of principles of literary and moral discrimination (Renaissance Figures of Speech, 2007). EtymologyFrom the Greek, combination, comparison Examples I pictured a rainbow;You held it in your hands.I had flashes,But you saw the plan.I wandered out in the world for years,While you just stayed in your room.I saw the crescent;You saw the whole of the moon! . . .I was groundedWhile you filled the skies.I was dumbfounded by truth;You cut through lies.I saw the rain dirty valley;You saw Brigadoon.I saw the crescent;You saw the whole of the moon!(Mike Scott, The Whole of the Moon. Performed by the Waterboys on This Is the Sea, 1985)He always feels hot. I always feel cold. In the summer when it really is hot he does nothing but complain about how hot he feels. He is irritated if he sees me put a jumper on in the evening.He speaks several languages well; I do not speak any well. He manages--in his own way--to speak even the languages he doesnt know.He has an excellent sense of direction, I have none at all. After one day in a foreign city he can move about in it as thoughtlessly as a butterfly. I get lost in my own city; I have to ask direc tions so that I can get back home again. He hates asking directions; when we go by car to a town we dont know he doesnt want to ask directions and tells me to look at the map. I dont know how to read maps and I get confused by all the little red circles and he loses his temper.He loves the theatre, painting, music, especially music. I do not understand music at all, painting doesnt mean much to me and I get bored at the theatre. I love and understand one thing in the world and that is poetry. . . .(Natalia Ginzburg, He and I. The Little Virtues, 1962; Carcanet Press, 1985) The Wider Implications of Syncrisis The syncrisis . . . is an exercise with wider implications: a formal comparison (compare and contrast). The original sophists had been notable for their inclination to plead for and against, and here is the art of antithesis on its largest scale. To produce a syncrisis one could simply juxtapose a pair of encomia or psogoi [invective] in parallel: as in comparing the ancestry, education, deeds and death of Achilles and Hector; or one could produce an equally effective sense of contrast by placing an encomium of Achilles, say, beside that of Thersites. The celebrated contrast of Demosthenes between himself and Aeschines illustrates the technique at its briefest and most effective: You did the teaching, I was a pupil; you did the initiations, I was the initiate; you were a small-time actor, I came to see the play; you were hissed off, I did the hissing. All your dealings have served our enemies; mine the state. . . . [T]here are the same obviously sophistic implications to such an exercise as for encomium and psogos: that details may be emphasized or manipulated in the interest of balance rather than truth, sometimes in the most patently artificial way.(Graham Anderson, The Second Sophistic: A Cultural Phenomenon in the Roman Empire. Routledge, 1993)   Syncrisis as Modelling by Luke the Evangelist Syncrisis is an ancient rhetorical device. It consists in modeling the presentation of a character on another in order to compare them, or at least to establish a correlation between the two. . . .The most complete example of Lucan syncrisis is the Jesus-Peter-Paul parallel. . . . To summarize briefly: Peter and Paul heal as Jesus healed (Luke 5. 18-25; Acts 3. 1-8; Acts 14. 8-10); like Jesus at his baptism, Peter and Paul receive an ecstatic vision at the key moments of their ministry (Acts 9.3-9; 10. 10-16); like Jesus, they preach and endure the hostility of the Jews; like their master, they suffer and are threatened by death; Paul is brought before the authorities like Jesus (Acts 21-6); and like him, Peter and Paul are delivered miraculously at the end of their lives (Acts 12. 6-17; 24. 27-28. 6).(Daniel Marguerat, The First Christian Historian: Writing the Acts of the Apostles. Cambridge University Press, 2002) Pronunciation: SIN-kruh-sis

The Role Of Accounting And Finance Methods - 1710 Words

Accounting and finance methods have been the regular way utilise by organisations to evaluate and assess the performance of the business. Accounting and finance play a vital part in establishing and examining certain and quantifiable strategic objectives, enabling the business to function proficiently and effectually. The role of financial and non-financial data for strategic decision-making is highlighted in several explanations of accounting. I’ve recognised that accounting can be seen as the method of verifying, measuring and conveying economic data to permit informed findings and decisions by interested users of the data. The awareness of accounting data adds to improved strategic decisions; hence, reporting and accumulating†¦show more content†¦Customer value is the worth that a client puts on specific aspects of a product, and sustaining customers is essential to attaining better and improved sales and market share, and thus to achieve shareholder value. Shareholder value is also a central focal point for managers and includes enhancing the worth of the firm from the stockholders’ or owners’ viewpoint. Shareholders are generally attentive to increased lucrativeness, share value, and bonuses, and management are the ones responsible for delivering this. Businesses need to improve their competitiveness to enhance shareholder worth. Management accounting has a wider perspective that just the formulation and reporting of financial data. It also contains studies of non-financial resources, comprising production and sales performance information, and a variety of methods for handling expenses and other business resources. With management accounting, accounting procedures or external guidelines are not mandatory to follow. Therefore, reporting should be guided by high ethical values of the accountants. Financial specialists have a commitment to themselves, their associates and their firm to comply with high morals of ethical behaviour. The planning and control schemes are a fundamental aspect of management accounting. As part of strategy execution, entities need to formulate plans to set the direction of the business, and control structures to confirm that operations are taking place in regards to theShow MoreRelated Cost Accounting Essay1091 Word s   |  5 PagesAccounting is the system of recording and summarizing business and financial transactions and analyzing, verifying, and reporting the results; (Merriam-Dictionary, 2012). Cost accounting is described as the evaluating approach to the overall cost of when the business evaluates the cost that is associated with the business. Cost accounting consists of the identification, measurement, collection, analysis, preparation, and communication of financial information (Khan, 2010). In this paper, I willRead MoreThe Shift from Batch Production to Line Production853 Words   |  3 PagesA batch process is a production method where the good is produced in batches. 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Culture as an Important Facet of Society Free Essays

A society without culture is as good as dead. Discuss. A society according to Thomas, L (1995:25) is defined as â€Å"a group of mutually interdependent people who have organized in such a way as to share a common culture and feeling of unity†. We will write a custom essay sample on Culture as an Important Facet of Society or any similar topic only for you Order Now In other ways society consists of people, and culture consists of products that people create. Culture according to Giddens (2005:45) refers to â€Å"the pattern of human activity and the symbols, which give significance to this activity†. Culture is represented through the art, literature, costumes, customs and traditions of a community. Different cultures exist in different parts of the world. The natural environment greatly affects the lifestyle of the people of that region, thus shaping their culture. The diversity in the cultures around the world is also a result of the mindsets of people inhabiting different regions of the world. There are several components of human culture namely; symbols, language, values and beliefs, norms, and technology. Symbols are anything that carries a particular meaning recognized by people who share a culture. The simplest most everyday things are symbols for examples a wave of the hand can be a friendly gesture of hello. However, if not done properly with all the fingers in the upright position it can be a rude gesture and a great sign of disrespect. The honking of a car horn is a symbol to grab someone’s attention to their surroundings. Even something as common as a kiss is a symbol of love and caring. Language is a system of symbols that allows people to communicate with each other. Language can be words or sounds that are spoken or words that are written. For instance some people believe that dogs communicate with each other through barking, this may be their own language. Values are culturally defined standards by which people assess desirability, goodness, and beauty, and that serve as broad guidelines for social living. Beliefs are specific statements that people hold to be true. There are several examples of both that can be found by looking at the Christian religion. The Ten Commandments are a great source. â€Å"You shall have no other gods before me†, for Christians this statement is both a belief and a value. â€Å"Honor you father and mother† is a statement that Christians hold true and also one that they set their standards of living by. The other example of values and beliefs is â€Å"You shall not murder† a statement they stand by and live their lives by. Norms are rules and expectations by which a society guides the behavior of its members. One example of a norm is not cheating on a test, we all know this is wrong and should not be done at all cost. Technology is knowledge that people use to make a way of life in their surroundings, which is reflected by material culture an example of this is Plasma TV’s you can simply hang these picture perfect TV’s anywhere on the wall. It is true to say that no society exists without culture because of the following facets that culture brings to society which are as follows: The cultural values of a community give it an identity of its own; a community gains a character and a personality of its own, because of the culture of its people. Culture is shared by the members of a community. It is learned and passed from the older generations to the newer ones. For an effective transfer of culture from one generation to another, it has to be translated into symbols. Language, art and religion serve as the symbolic means of transfer of cultural values between generations. Culture is a bond that ties the people of a region or community together; It is that one common bond, which brings the people of a community together. The customs and traditions that the people of a community follow, the festivals they celebrate, the kind of clothing they wear, the food they eat, and most importantly, the cultural values they adhere to, bind them together. Culture is seen as a system of social control, wherein people shape their standards and behavior; the cultural values form the founding principles of one’s life. They influence one’s principles and philosophies of life. They influence one’s way of living and thus impact social life. Culture is the Treasury of Knowledge; culture provides knowledge, which is essential for the physical and intellectual existence of man. Birds and animals behave instinctively with environment. But man has greater intelligence and learning capacity. With the help of these, he has been able to adapt himself with environment or modify it to suit his convenience. Culture has made such an adaptation and modification possible and easier by providing man the necessary skills and knowledge. Culture preserves knowledge and helps its transmission from generation to generation through its means that is language helps not only the transmission of knowledge but also its preservation, accumulation and diffusion. On the contrary, animals do not have this advantage because culture does not exist at such human level. Culture Defines Situations; culture defines social situations for us. It not only defines but also conditions and determines what we eat and drink, we wear, when to laugh, weep, sleep, love to like friends with, what work we do, what god we worship, what knowledge we rely upon, what poetry we recite and so on. Culture Defines Attitudes, Values and Goods; attitudes refer to the tendency to feel and work out in certain ways. Values are the measure of goodness or desirability. Goods refer to the attainments, which our values define as worthy. It is the culture, which conditions our attitude towards various issues such as religion, morality, marriage, science, family planning, positions and so on. Our values concernsing private etc. are influenced by our culture. Our goals of winning the race, understanding others, attaining salvation, being obedient to elders and teachers, being loyal to husband, being patriotic etc. re all set forth by our culture. We are being socialized on these models. Culture Decides Our Career; whether we should become a politician or a social worker, a doctor, an engineer, a soldier, a farmer, a professor, an industrialist; a religious leader and so on is decided by our culture. What career we are likely to pursue is largely decided by our culture. Culture sets limitat ions on our choice to select different careers. Individuals may develop, modify or oppose the trends of their culture but they always live within its framework. Only a few can find outlet on the culture. Culture Provides Behavior Pattern; Culture directs and confines the behavior of an individual. Culture assigns goals and provides means for achieving them. It rewards noble works and punishes the ignoble ones. It assigns him status. We see dream, aspire, work, strive to marry, enjoy according to the cultural expectation. Culture not only contains but also liberates human energy and activities. Man indeed is a prisoner of his culture. Culture Provides Personality; Culture exercises a great influence on the development of personality. No child can get human qualities in the absence of a cultural environment. Culture prepares man for group life and provides him the design of living. It is the culture that provides opportunities for the development of personality and sets limits on its growth. As Ruth Benedict has pointed out every culture will provide its special type or types of personality. Culture Makes Man a Human Being; It is culture that makes the human, a man, regulates his conduct and prepares him for group life. It provides to him a complete design for living. It teaches him what type of food he should take and in what mariner, how he should over himself and behave with his fellows, how he should speak with the people and how he should co-operate or compete with others. An individual abstained from culture is less than human; he is what we call feral, man. The individual to be truly human must participate in cultural stream without it he would have been forced to find his own way, which would mean a loss of energy in satisfying his elementary needs. Culture Provides Solution for Complicated Situation; culture provides man with a set of behavior even for complicated situation. It has so thoroughly influenced that often he does not require any external force to keep himself in conformity with the social requirements. His action becomes automatic. Forming queues when there is rush at the booking window or driving left in the busy streets. In the absence of culture, he should have been baffled even at the simplest situations. He need not go through painful trial and error learning to know what food can be taken without poisoning himself and fellow. His culture directs and confines his behavior, limits his goals and measures his reward. His culture gets into his mind and shutters vision so that he sees what is supposed to see in dream what he is expected to dream and hunger for what he is trained to hunger. Culture Provides Traditional Interpretations to Certain Situation; through culture men gets traditional interpretation for many situations according to which he determines his behavior. If a cat crosses his way, he postpones his journey. It may however be noted that these traditional interpretation differ from culture to culture. Among some culture owl is regarded as a symbol of wisdom and not a symbol of idiocy. Culture Keeps Social Relationship Intact; culture has importance not only for man but also for the group. Had there been no culture there would have been no group life. Culture is the design and the prescription for guiding values and ideals. By regulating the behavior of the people and satisfying, the primary drives pertaining to hunger and sex it has been able to maintain group life. Culture has provided a number of checks upon irrational conduct and suggestibility culture aids such as in schooling or scientific training. Lessen the chances that a man will behave irrationally or irresponsibility. The members of group characterized though they be by consciousness of kind, at once competing. They are held in line by constraints prescribed by culture. Culture Broadens the Out Looks of the Individual; culture has given a new vision to individual by providing him a set of rules for co-operation of the individuals. He thinks not only his own self but also of the others. Culture teaches him to think himself a part of the larger whole, it provides him with the concept of family, state, nation and class and make responsible the cooperation and division of labor. Culture Creates New Needs; Culture also creates new needs and new drives, for example, thirst for knowledge and arranges for the satisfaction. In conclusion culture and society are co-existent one does not or cannot exist without the other, culture and society may have some common elements but the two are not the same they are not identical the essential difference is that society is composed of people while culture consists of knowledge, ideas, customs, traditions, folkways, mores, skills, institutions, organizations and artifacts. How to cite Culture as an Important Facet of Society, Essay examples

Life and Influences of pAnton Chekhov Essay Example For Students

Life and Influences of pAnton Chekhov Essay Anton Chekhov was born on January 29, 1860 in Taganrog, Russia, the third of six children. His father, Pavel, was a grocer and his mother, Yevgeniya, was the daughter of a cloth merchant. In1875 Pavels business failed and, threatened with imprisonment, he fled to Moscow. Yevgeniya remained behind with Anton and his younger siblings, but soon lost the house to a local bureaucrat. At this point, she joined Pavel in Moscow taking all the children, with the exception of Anton whom she left behind to attend school and support himself. After completing his early studies, Anton received a scholarship to study medicine at the Moscow University and at this point reunited with his family. During this time, the family continued to be plagued by financial hardship. In an effort to help support them, Anton began to write humorous short stories for comic magazine. As time went by, Chekhov developed a love of writing, preferring this to the practice of medicine, and devoted himself to his craft. After 1880, his work shifted toward more serious subject matter and is filled with realistic views of the suffering of the poor, no doubt in memory of the struggles his own family had endured. Comments and Concepts An Upheaval is classified as a short story, but does not follow the traditional short story structure as defined by Freytags Triangle. The story begins in medias res as Mashenka enters a household already in turmoil. Rather than at the beginning, the exposition takes place throughout the story as Mashenkas thoughts and actions reveal her background and place within the household. At the end of the story, the reader is left without resolution. This abrupt end to the action without an resolving the conflict is known as a zero ending. The story An Upheaval is a slice-of-life narrative. Chekhov offers a dispassionate observation of life within an upper-class household. There is no deep psychological profiles within the story; all the characters are merely stereotypes. The view is naturalistic, with the socioeconomic background of the characters influencing their every action. The lady of the house believes she is well within her rights to search her servants quarters when her brooch has gone missing. When Mashenka is upset by the search, the maidservant Liza reminds her somewhat delicately of her place by stating still you areà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ as it wereà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ a servant. An Upheaval displays a rite of passage. At the beginning of the story, Mashenka is a simplistic child. She believes herself to be more than a mere servant within the household. Mashenka feels personally violated when she discovers a search of her room has been made without her knowledge. Mashenka leaps into adulthood when she realizes that although she is hired help and is, therefore, in a lesser position she is still a person within her own right. Rather than allow them to violate her sense of personal integrity, Mashenka decides to leave. Key Quotations Mashenka went into her room, and then, for the first  time in her life, it was her lot to experience in all its acuteness the feeling that is so familiar to persons in dependent positions, who eat the bread of the rich and powerful, and cannot speak their minds. Mashenka begins to recognize her place within the household and within society. She acknowledges that her life is controlled by others. Though you are a young lady, still you areà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦as it wereà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦a servantà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Liza forces Mashenka to acknowledge that she is a servant like the rest of them, nothing more. I dont say she took the brooch, but can you answer for her? To tell the truth, I havent much confidence in these learned paupers. .udd302d6d3355536acce05c92e2511e50 , .udd302d6d3355536acce05c92e2511e50 .postImageUrl , .udd302d6d3355536acce05c92e2511e50 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .udd302d6d3355536acce05c92e2511e50 , .udd302d6d3355536acce05c92e2511e50:hover , .udd302d6d3355536acce05c92e2511e50:visited , .udd302d6d3355536acce05c92e2511e50:active { border:0!important; } .udd302d6d3355536acce05c92e2511e50 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .udd302d6d3355536acce05c92e2511e50 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .udd302d6d3355536acce05c92e2511e50:active , .udd302d6d3355536acce05c92e2511e50:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .udd302d6d3355536acce05c92e2511e50 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .udd302d6d3355536acce05c92e2511e50 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .udd302d6d3355536acce05c92e2511e50 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .udd302d6d3355536acce05c92e2511e50 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .udd302d6d3355536acce05c92e2511e50:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .udd302d6d3355536acce05c92e2511e50 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .udd302d6d3355536acce05c92e2511e50 .udd302d6d3355536acce05c92e2511e50-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .udd302d6d3355536acce05c92e2511e50:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: A New Direction in My Life EssayThe lady of the house removes all humanity from her servants. They are nothing more to her than beasts of burden. Forgive me, Nikolay Sergeitch, but I cannot remain in your house. I feel deeply insulted by this search! Mashenka reveals her new sense of self and personal integrity. Half an hour later she was on her way. The story ends without any true sense of closure. Relation to Current Culture Today a search without permission or warrant is a criminal offense. Even as a hired servant living within someone elses household, a person is entitled to his own personal space and privacy. One would like to believe that the justice system would stand by the violated individual, but with the exorbitant price of good legal representation the wealthier person might well triumph, regardless of guilt or innocence. Maybe things have not changed too much after all. Personal Reflections I feel that it is no longer the wealthier individuals, but the large corporations that hold people in subservient positions and treat them like numbers. When I worked at GTE, I gave birth to my second child and he had some serious health issues. Needless to say, I missed quite a few days of work and this was well before the government had authorized the family leave act. When I asked the CEO of the company if there was any possibility of GTE declaring a family leave policy on their own he replied, You can be replaced with another good employee who does not have a sick child. I felt violated like Mashenka and eventually left GTE to stay home with my children. The Story Continuesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Mashenka returns home with a new sense of inner-strength. She organizes the people in her town and leads them to revolt. They tear down the old systems in place and form a new world order in which all people are treated as equals. No more searches of servants quarters were ever tolerated again. Parallels with Visual Arts Delacroixs An Orphan Girl in the Graveyard reminds me of the character of Mashenka from An Upheaval. Although her youthfulness is obvious, her face portrays maturity and understanding beyond her years. There is strength within; she will not be a victim.